Peter Abelard - Philosopher and Teacher

Peter Abelard was also known as: Pierre Abà ©lard; also spelled Abeillard, Abailard, Abaelardus, and Abelardus, among other variations Peter Abelard was known for: his significant contributions to Scholasticism, his great ability as a teacher and writer, and his infamous love affair with his student, Heloise. Occupations: MonasticPhilosopher TheologianTeacherWriter Places of Residence and Influence: France Important Dates: Died: April 21, 1142 Quotation from Peter Abelard: This first key of wisdom is defined, of course, as assiduous or frequent questioning.---- Sic et Non, translated by W. J. Lewis More Quotations by Peter Abelard About Peter Abelard: Abelard was the son of a knight, and he gave up his inheritance to study philosophy, particularly logic; he would become renowned for his brilliant use of dialectics. He attended many different schools seeking knowledge from a variety of teachers, and often came into conflict with them because he was so headstrong and certain of his own brilliance. (The fact that he really was brilliant didnt help matters.) By 1114 Peter Abelard was teaching in Paris, where he met and tutored Heloise and became a notable figure of the twelfth-century Renaissance. As a philosopher, Peter Abelard is well-remembered for his solution to the problem of universals (definitive qualities of any given class of things): he maintained that language itself cannot determine the reality of things, but that physics must do so. He also wrote poetry, which was very well received, and established several schools. In addition to these scholarly efforts, Abelard wrote a letter to a friend, which has come down to us as the Historia Calamitatum (Story of My Misfortunes). Together with letters written to him by Heloise, it provides a great deal of information about Abelards personal life. Peter Abelards affair with Heloise (whom he had married) came to an abrupt end when her uncle, wrongly believing Abelard was forcing her to become a nun, sent thugs to his house to castrate him. The scholar hid his shame by becoming a monk, and his philosophical focus shifted from logic to theology. Abelards subsequent career was extremely rocky; he was even condemned as a heretic at one point, and the work the Church deemed heretical was burned. Because Abelard was so cocksure, applied logic so ruthlessly to matters of faith, criticized anything he found worthy of contempt and frequently insulted fellow clerics, he was not well-loved by his contemporaries. However, even his harshest critics had to concede that Peter Abelard was one of the greatest thinkers and teachers of his time. For more about Peter Abelard, his relationship with Heloise, and the events that followed, visit  A Medieval Love Story. More Peter Abelard Resources: A Medieval Love StoryOnline Text of Abelards Historia CalamitatumQuotations by Peter AbelardAbelard and Heloise Picture GalleryPeter Abelard on the WebAbelard Heloise on FilmThe link below will take you to an online store, where you can find more information about the film. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through this link. Stealing HeavenBased on the fictional novel by Marion Meade, this 1989 film was directed by Clive Donner and stars Derek de Lint and Kim Thomson. The text of this document is copyright  ©2000-2015 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is not granted  to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please  contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/awho/p/who_abelard.htm

Lost Forests and Their Impact - 1221 Words

Lost Forests and Their Impact An estimated 18 million acres of forest, roughly the size of Panama, are cut down each year for human usage. Deforestation is the removal of forests or trees from an area on a massive scale. Since the dawn of human civilization, clearing up vast areas of forested land solely to serve human interests has been a necessary environmental evil. Most existing nations, cities, villages etc. were built on deforested land. Interestingly, in current times the rate of deforestation has continued to increase in many areas like the Amazon rainforest, Indonesian forests, and the North American West. It has been estimated that the world’s supple of rain forests could cease to exist within a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Historically, some of the primary motives behind this devastating occurrence include: the need for areas to establish human dwellings and/or farmlands (e.g. pastures for livestock), the need for wood and non-wood based products and the use of wood as a f uel source. Although, deforested areas and their byproducts provide many relatively short term conveniences for humans, the long term costs far outweigh the benefits. In this paper, some of the long term dire consequences of intentionally deforesting lands for commercial and noncommercial purposes are highlighted. Forests are the environmental scaffoldings of the world, for without them we would not be here. Plants were one of the first few life forms to survive on landShow MoreRelatedThe United States Forest Service1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Forest Service is in favor of logging to a certain extent but there are several groups that oppose logging in the United States. Groups such as NativeForest.org and EarthRoots.org state that logging in the United States and specifically in industrial areas has led to deforestation and near extinction of many animals. Forests cover 31% of the land area on the planet. They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife. Many of the world’s most threatened and endangeredRead MoreClimate Change : Future Bay Area Weather Will Be More Like San Diego1647 Words   |  7 Pages#11: Climate Change Title: Interactive Map of San Francisco Shows Potential Health Impacts of Climate Change AND Climate change: Future Bay Area weather will be more like San Diego’s Citation: Kaye, L. (2016, May 04). Interactive Map Shows Potential Health Impacts of Climate Change. Retrieved October 16, 2016, from http://www.triplepundit.com/2016/05/interactive-map-san-francisco-shows-potential-health-impacts-climate-change/ Krieger, L. M. (2015, August 07). Climate change: Future Bay Area weatherRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1125 Words   |  5 Pagesof a wide area of into cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there will be severe consequences for the environment and future generations because of deforestation and approximately  7.3 million hectares of forests are being destroyed per year in the world. (citation)   In this essay, I will explore the impact that deforestation on the environment and I will also look at the actions thatRead MoreThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the Middle Ages, art and philosophy has been lost in darkness, but with the reintroduction of ideas that came with the Renaissance in Italy, brought about a literary revival. One of the writers that influenced this revival is Dante Alighieri, a 13th century poet from Florence, Italy. His world famous epic, La Commedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy, through the journey into the three hells, expressesRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Deforestation is an increasing global crisis and is mainly caused by human actions. Forests cover approximately 31% of the area on the planet (Deforestation, n.d.). Deforestation is the destruction of a wide area of forest land into a cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there are severe consequences for the environment and future generations due to deforestation. According to theRead MoreDeforestation : A Global Problem1624 Words   |  7 PagesInto? Deforestation around the world is a big issue and needs to be stopped. Deforestation is clearing the earth’s forest in order to make room for things like buildings roads and other man made structures. I chose to investigate more into the topic of deforestation as there is a constant need for more money and land, as it is destroying and causing huge amounts of damage. Throughout my argument I will be answering questions such as, what is deforestation, what are the pros and cons and what areRead MoreThe Study of Biodiversity939 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean settlement. Hotspot(s) - A region where there is at least 1500 of 800,000 or 0.5% of plant species (70% vegetation). - Hotspots have high diversity, are not found outside the area, a loss of endemic species and are also likely to be lost. Human impacts on biodiversity Unsustainable use of resources: - Agriculture (monoculture and stripping land). - Fisheries (overfishing). - Eutrophication (algal bloom in waterways). - Introduced species such as rabbits (will out compete native species)Read MoreEssay about The Impact of Deforestation668 Words   |  3 PagesDeforestation is a serious issue in today’s world. What once was a green Earth is now becoming a desolate land mold that is losing one of its main attributes: forests. Similar to Rachel Carson’s perception, the Earth was once full of lavish forests and is slowly deteriorating into empty, unappealing land. Centuries ago, Earth was covered in forests. â€Å"†¦The whole country, full of woods and thickets...† (Bradford) was the average for settlers in the 1800s. They had grown accustomed to the full lush treesRead MoreDeforestation Effects On Amazon Forest Resilience1725 Words   |  7 Pagesto decrease in biotic pump disrupting the water cycle leading to a decrease in transpiration and increase in temperature. Such rise in temperature leads to lack of rainfall to the forest and increase droughts and forest fires to which fires will disrupt the water cycle even more. Deforestation effects on Amazon forest resilience (Zemp et al. 2017) build upon previous research done and used similar methods to collect data. Although they have come to some shortcomings such as â€Å"risk of underestimatingRead MoreDeforestation Is A World Without Trees?1486 Words   |  6 Pagesquantities of trees are axed down to clear an area of forest so the land can be used for other purposes. Write r Alina Bradford who contributed to the article on Deforestation: Facts, Causes Effects writes, â€Å"Deforestation occurs around the world, tropical rainforests are particularly targeted. NASA predicts that if current deforestation levels proceed, the world s rainforests may be completely absent in as little as 100 years.† Earth s forests are being cleared on a massive scale, often resulting

French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late Essay Example For Students

French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late Essay French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late 19th C. Ornery Before the emergence of Impressionism we can see a major political and social transition in central Europe which has demonstrable artistic and literary consequences. The major aspects of this change include: The ICC industrial expansion which took away opportunities of individual farming and craft practice and replaced them with paid labor in factories. Governments across Europe are exploring constitutional formulas that attempt to balance the polarities of social right and material progress. Religious institutions are trying to absorb new scientific knowledge and social theory against the fabric of ancient scriptures. In France specifically we see the emergence of political instability with various Governments and various forms of government rising and succeeding another between the absolute monarchy that ends with Louis the XVI in 1789 and Napoleons expansionist empire building which begins in 1851 with a coup d ©tat and comes to a close in 1870. Amongst these turbulent years we see political outcomes that range from reign of terror, constitutional monarchy, a republic, a royal serration and a socialist commune as well as the Napoleonic empire. During this turbulent social and political era we also have Marx and Angels issuing the communist manifesto in 1848 and Darnings revolutionary publication Origin of the species in 1859. Painters have now access to synthetic chemical pigments developed by modern science which replace the old-fashioned organic pigments. The new pigments often have greater luminosity and brilliance. Lithography makes possible low-cost reproductions which allows artists to reach a new public with prints of their work. The same technology also brings about the newspaper and the low-cost novel. In every case, individual ideas can now be broadcast and disseminated amongst a more diverse audience than previously. Aestheticism also can be printed and distributed widely. The previous ties between knowledge (as apart from education) and class-structure are being stretched much further. Painters and poets who had not long before escaped reality as such with flights to the exotic and romantic dreamless that typify the Neo-classic and Romantic styles and periods, are returning to the here and now. Balzac and Dickens are writing social critique, Dandier and Courier paint the social underdog in a style that creates social impact because of its convincing realist treatment and the genre of subject-matter. We can see painters slowly turning towards the great cities for inspiration and subject- matter and a dominance of the artificial over the natural. The growing need in this new social climate for artists to achieve immediacy of expression mean that we see them going outdoors to paint, using smaller canvasses out of necessity and speeding up the process of recording and depiction. The impressionist style of painting is characterized chiefly by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light. Impressionism, (French Impressionism), a major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques. The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color. The principal Impressionist painters were: Claude Monet Pierre Augusta Renoir Camille Pissarro Alfred Sisley Berth Morison Armband Glutamine and FRR ©d ©rich Bacilli who worked together, influenced each other, and exhibited together and independently. Edgar Degas and Paul C ©Zane also painted in an Impressionist style for a time in the early sass. The established painter ?dotard Meant, whose work in the sass greatly influenced Monet and others of the group, himself adopted the Impressionist approach about 1873. The word impressionist was printed for the first time in the Charier on the 15 April 1874 by Louis Leroy(deed), after Claude Motets landscape entitled Impressions: sole eleven . This word was used to call Exposition des Impressionist an exhibit held in the salons of the photographer Nadir and organized by the Socio ©t © anemone des painters, sculptures et gravers Anonymous society of painters, sculptors and engravers], composed of Pissarro, Monet, Sisley, Degas, Renoir, C ©Zane, Glutamine and Berth Morison. The popular press, predictably (the more things change Had a field day making fun of the impressionists. For example, Louis Leroy who wrote as the art-critic for the El Charier reported on April 25th that his companion at the opening, a noted academic (identity not disclosed) had made the following sarcastic remark: Impressionism- I was certain of it. I was Just telling yeses that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it And what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape Edmond Tyranny (La Novel Painter, The new painting, 1876) on the other hand eve high praise to the Impressionists: they have Succeeded in breaking down sunlight into rays, its elements, and to reconstitute its unity by meaner of the general harmony of spectrum colors which they spread on their canvasses. The most learned physicist could find nothing to criticize in their analysis of light. The Founders The founders of this society were animated by the will to break with the official art. The official theory that the color should be dropped pure on the canvas instead of getting mixed on the palette will only be respected by a few of them and only for a people of years. In fact, the Impressionism is a lot more a state of the mind than a technique; thus artists other than painters have also been qualified of impressionists. Many of these painters ignore the law of simultaneous contrast as established by Chevrolet in 1823. Vincent van Gogh EssayAt this stage, Impressionists were coming biblically appreciated, but their situation was still harsh; the Salon continued to refuse their paintings, and in 1894, 25 out of 65 artworks donated by Collaborate to the Luxembourg museum were rejected. Yet, when Camille Pissarro, the Impressionist patriarch, died in 1903, everybody agreed that this movement was the main Sixth century artistic revolution, and that all its members were among the finest painters. The influence of the Impressionists was great out of France, especially in Germany, with Liebermann, Corinth, and in Belgium. The first of the eight Impressionist exhibitions was held in 1874: Included were the following artists (and others) 1840-1926 Claude Monet (lived 86 years) 1831-1903 Camille Pissarro (lived arrears) 1841-1919 Pierre August Renoir (lived 78 years) 1834-1917 Edgar Degas (lived 83 years) 1834-1903 James A. Mac Neil Whistler (lived 69 years) 1864-1901 Henry Marie Raymond De Toulouse-Ululate (lived 37 years) 1839-1899 Alfred Sisley (lived 60 years) 1839-1906 Paul C ©cane (lived 67 years) Glutamine 1824- 1898 Egg ©en Boudoir (lived 74 years) 1841-1895 Berth Morison * (lived 56 years) * Berth Morison was the only female painter to participate in the 1874 exhibition (as ell as , 1882 and 1886 exhibitions). She was Joined later by another female painter, the American Mary Cast (1844-1926) who exhibited in the and 1886 exhibitions. Note: Artists listed in green can be said to have only had a dubious relationship to the Impressionist ideal during the sasss (especially C ©Zane) The other seven Expressionist exhibitions were held in and 1886 Less closely connected with the Impressionists were Henry De Toulouse-Ululate and Dillon Redone. Concerned with perceptive portraiture and decorative effect, Toulouse-Ululate used the vivid contrasting colors of Impressionism in flat areas enclosed by a distinct, sinuous outline. Redos still-life floras were somewhat Impressionistic, but his other works are more linear and Symbolist. In general, Postmodernists led away from a naturalistic approach and toward the two major movements of early 20th-century art that superseded it: Cubism and Fauvism, which sought to evoke emotion through color and line. Post-impressionism Post-impressionism is a movement of major importance in Western painting. As a movement it represents both, an extension of Impressionism, and a rejection of that styles inherent limitations. The term Post-impressionism was coined by the English art critic Roger Fry for the work of such late 19th-century painters as Paul C ©Zane, Georges Serrate, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henry De Toulouse-Ululate, and others. All of these painters except van Gogh were French, and most of them began as Impressionists; each of them abandoned the style, however, to form his own highly personal art. Impressionism was based, in its strictest sense, on the objective recording of nature in terms of the fugitive effects of color and light. The Vivisectionists rejected his limited aim in favor of more ambitious expression, admitting their debt, however, to the pure, brilliant colors of Impressionism, its freedom from traditional subject matter, and its technique of defining form with short brushstrokes of broken color. The work of these painters formed a basis for several contemporary trends and for modern art in general. After a phase of uneasy dissension among the Impressionists, Paul C ©Zane withdrew from the movement in 1878 in order to make of Impressionism something solid and durable like the art of the museums. In contrast to the passing show evicted by the Impressionists, his approach imbued landscape and still life with a monumental permanence and coherence. He abandoned the Impressionists virtuoso depiction of evanescent light effects in his preoccupation with the underlying structures of natural forms and the problem of unifying surface patterns with spatial depth. His art was the major inspiration for Cubi sm, which was concerned primarily with depicting the structure of objects. In 1884, at the Salon des Mind ©pendants in Paris, Georges Serrate revealed an intention similar to C ©canes with paintings that wowed more attention to composition than those of the Impressionists and that delved into the science of color. Taking as a point of departure the Impressionist practice of using broken color to suggest shimmering light, he sought to achieve luminosity through optical formulas, placing side by side tiny bits of contrasting color chosen to blend from a distance into a dominant color. This extremely theoretical technique, called Pointillism, was adopted by a number of contemporary painters and formed the basis of the style of painting known as Neo-lonesomeness The Vivisectionists often exhibited together but, unlike the Impressionists who were a close-knit, convivial group, they painted mainly alone. C ©Zane painted in isolation at Xix-en-Provence in southern France; his solitude was matched by that of Gauguin, who in 1891 took up residence in Tahiti, and of Van Gogh, who painted in the countryside at Arles. Both Gauguin and van Gogh rejected the indifferent objectivity of Impressionism in favor of a more personal, spiritual expression. After exhibiting with the Impressionists in 1886, Gauguin renounced the abominable error of naturalism. With the young painter ?mile Bernard, he led a self-conscious return to the aesthetic of primitive art, for which he believed imagination and ideas were the primary inspiration and the representation of nature merely a vehicle for their expression. Copying the pure, flat color, heavy outline, and decorative quality of medieval stained glass and manuscript illumination, the two artists explored the expressive potential of pure color and line, Gauguin especially using exotic and sensuous color harmonies to poetically depict the Athenians he eventually lived among. Arriving in Paris in 1886, the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh quickly adapted Impressionist techniques and color to express his acutely felt emotions.

The Aesthetic Point of View Essay Example

The Aesthetic Point of View Paper The quest to substantiate aesthetics assessment has given birth to many philosophies in this field. This attempt has been dissected into multiple criteria such aesthetic concepts, aesthetic enjoyment, aesthetic experience, aesthetic value, etc. According to Beardsley, multiple points of view represent different value centered subjectivity. Beardsley with his flair in being open to including constructive criticism poses questions to his own definitions concerning the capacity-definition and he draws three problems with specific adjustments; the problem of falsification, the problem of illusion and the problem of devaluation. The problem of falsification leaves room for negative judgments to capitalize not absence of little value but great value in a work of proposed art. His vivid example of being under the influence of an intoxicated substance could alter the correct way of experiencing a work of art makes the point clear. ‘’But how can we explain the lowering of an aesthetic evaluation and still maintain that these evaluations are capacity-judgments? ’ asked Beardsley. This quotation refers to mood of critical thinking in his passages. The problem of devaluation captures the shift in ‘our value grades’ that is largely caused by enlargement of our experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aesthetic Point of View specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Aesthetic Point of View specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Aesthetic Point of View specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So this ‘belated recognition’ opens an internalized evaluation of the grades and understanding of it. The Aesthetic Value ‘‘The aesthetic value of an object is the value it possesses in virtue of its capacity to provide aesthetic gratification when correctly and completely experienced’’ It can be said that in judging the value of a painting, a poem, a composition, a drama or a building the observer needs to comprehend and include that aspect of its quality (with which we judge it) which is due to its capacity to provide aesthetic enjoyment. It is interesting to observe how the definitions of ‘value’, ‘capacity’ and ‘aesthetic gratification’ pull in more observations given through out the text. But after the definitions, the subjectivity of the considerations rejected or accepted when certain judgments are formulated bring us to his next nexus of suggestions. Beardsley writes, ‘’A consideration about an object is relevant to the aesthetic point of view if and only if it is a aesthetic gratification ( formal unity and intensity of regional quality) are present in the object’’. So his examples of a painting being landscape painting being relevant to a judgment marginally contributes to the pre-conditions surrounding the painting like possibly sexual orientation of the painter, writer or composer. The suggestion that the judgment should be exclusive of the subject of the creation gives rise to how historical, cultural aspects of judgment makes subjectivity of the art work stronger. To take an aesthetic point of view requires more than appreciating the skills and interjects the recognition and perceptions. When the question of justification for adopting a certain aesthetic point of view is there, the conflicts with other equally able aesthetics arises. So according to Beardsley the modern approach to broaden the range of adoption by ‘increasing the amount of aesthetic value of which we can take advantage’. This brings us to the observational point of the central task in aesthetic education. He states that this is where there is a rift and observers torn between conflicting ways of redirecting taste. The argument against broadening the amount of aesthetic value tries to incorporate everything as ‘expressive and symbolic’ and the other being the way of love of beauty which he has mentioned is reformist by implication since it seeks a world that conforms to its ideal. But Beardsley’s understanding in how confrontation with these issues does not generate the scope for defining the possibilities and limitations of the aesthetic point of view leaves margins for more contemplation. His conclusion suggest that the conflict of values and the values used for the aesthetic point of view sometimes terminate adopting only one. And his most noble suggestion has been ’To adopt the aesthetic point of view is simply to seek out a source of value. ’ Conclusion The most interesting aspect in reading and trying to evaluate Monroe C. Beardsley’s proposals has been in his expansive adaptation to developments in the philosophical ideas given birth by criticism or change in new aspects of the art world absent from his original philosophy. There might have been absence of elements of feminism, fad fashion, movements but this so-called New criticism that he is supposedly underwriting does respect the art criticism in a positive light. References The journal of Aesthetics and Art criticism, Volume 63, Issue 2 ( p 175- 178) Quotes from, The Aesthetic Point of View Monroe C. Beardsley 1982.