Othello †the Unending Popularity Essay -- Othello essays

Othello the Unending Popularity What factors within William Shakespeares tragedy Othello can explain the undying popularity of the drama? Are such factors peculiar to the Bard? Let us take up these issues in this essay. The ability of the audience to identify with the characters in Othello this is of primary importance. M.H. Abrams in The Norton Anthology of English Literature attributes the dramatists universality to his characters as well as to the relevance of his themes One preliminary document in the First Folio is by Shakespeares great rival, critic, and opposite, Ben Jonson. In it he asserts the high quality of Shakespeare not only to other English playwrights but to the Greek and Latin masters Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time That tribute is the first formulation of a judgment often reiterated in later periods, explaining Shakespeares place at the very center of the English lite rary canon. Many earlier critics found Shakespearean universality displayed in the human truth of his characters and his enduringly relevant themes (467). Does an additive reason for the unending fame lie in the great heterogeneity of characters and scenes and actions within the play? Robert B. Heilman in The Role We Give Shakespeare relates the universality of Shakespeare to the innumerableness of the parts yet the Shakespeare completeness appears graspable and possessable to many men at odds with each other, because of the innumerableness of the parts these parts we may consider incompletenesses, partial perspectives, and as such they chequer to the imper... ... Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p. n.p., 1970. Frye, Northrop. Nature and Nothing. Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1965. Heilman, Robert B. The Role We Give Shakespeare. Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Prin ceton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1965. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The galvanic Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

How is the Monster portrayed in chapters 11-16 of the novel Essay

How is the Monster portrayed in chapters 11-16 of the novelFrankenstein?The story Frankenstein takes the reader through the dauntingre-animation of a creature so beyond comprehension. Thisnewborn-creation, degraded from birth yet mighty in spirit, plays outhis painful life in search for what is known as true humanity but isshown to ultimately fall to vengeance.Mary Shelley, the author of this novel, had lived days of misery and alife of a misfortunate nature. The figure of devastation had been a constantcompanion to her. Many members of her family including her mother andseveral children had all lost their lives to the deep sleep. Herfantasies delved deeper into the world of restoration and resurrectionuntil she actually found a flavour to channel all these thoughts. And sowas the birth of Frankenstein.The chapters mentioned in the title (11-16) are significant when thesubject of matter is focused on the creature. Details of thecreatures behaviour, thoughts, feelings and actions a re allconcentrated upon here and so it is relevant to point to thesechapters when referring to the creature. These are also the chaptersin which the creature itself gives its own personal views of hismiserable existence.From discipline the former chapters, the readers outlook of the creatureis in great contrast to what is seen by the end of the story.Dr. Frankenstein begins with his immediate and long-term ambitions.His professionalism in natural ism and chemistry urges thereader to be almost encouraging in the creation of the monster. Theoverwhelming effort and the hardships faced by the doctor issympathised by the reader in supporting him to even go as far asplaying God.When the ... ...g on to his societyand belong somewhere. Isolation is not preferred by most. People optfor walking with the herd. It is only a natural desire but a corruptsociety full of evil, injustice or misunderstandings does evidentlychange a person away from his natural behaviour.I do not feel as though Mar y Shelley gave much expression of fear of accomplishment. From her biographies and life-accounts, it can be seen thatsuch things were not a scary topic for her. She wanted to restoreher children if she could and she believed science was the onlypossible answer. I infer the general people at large felt a certaindegree of fear at science. Yet as she disregarded religion and remoteit much as her parents had done so, she would not have seen science asa problem. However, she may have employed the peoples fear of scienceto make her story more appealing.

Angels and Demons by Dan Brown Essay -- Angels and Demons Dan Brown Es

Angels and Demons by Dan BrownTitle of the book Angels and DemonsAuthor Dan Brown family original book was published 2000Four words to describe the author Cosmopolitan, Witty, Articulate, SophisticatedCharacters in the book The Hassassin Strong, MercilessCommander Olivetti Disciplined, StubbornThe Camerlengo/Janus Deceitful, Powerful key Mortati Fortunate, PatientRobert Langdon Clever, CautiousLeonardo Vetra Humanitarian, LovingVictoria Vetra Gorgeous, DangerousMaximilian Kohler Cold, RuthlessSetting of the book This novel takes place during present times, however has several historical facts dating back several hundred years. The setting takes place from Harvard University in Massachusettes to Rome, Italy w here Vatican City is located. The story takes place from underground tunnel systems and secret society dungeons and lairs, to the intimate of famous architectual feats such as the Vatican Archives.Was the setting very important or not so important to the events of the story? Y es, the setting was absolutely crucial for this novels spell and storyline. With the entire story devoted to the Catholicism and its root of power, Vatican City had to be the setting for this exciting novel. Without Vatican City and Rome in our story, the most critical detail would have been forgotten. Without factual settings and places to help build and construct the thrilling and action packed scenes, the reader would have difficulty following along with this fast one thousand trek.What is the main conflict in the book? There were three major conflicts in this novel, all of equal importance to the stories plot. With the Anti-Matter device threatening to blow up Vatican City and half of Rome, the Illuminati Hassassin kidnapping cardinals, leaving them for dead on the eve of conclave, and trying to keep everything from the public gives this book mulitiple conflicts.How was this conflict stubborn? The conflict is resolved when Robert and Victoria are no longer able to save anymo re Cardinals lives, but follow the suspected Hassassin. When they reach him, Victoria is captured and Commander Olivetti is murdered. When Robert follows the Hassassin and frees Victoria, killing the Hassassin in the process, they return to Vatican City and the Camerlengo. With the Camerlengos help, they are are able to locate the Anti-Matter device and... ...d eye, has now gone missing.Vittoria and Robert travel to the Vatican in an attempt to help determine the canister (before itexplodes) and bring all things dark into the illumination, so-to-speak. They get to The Vatican just in the nick of time- it is about to be closed since the papal election is about to start- but they do get in. The horror of it is-should the anti-matter canister explode, the entire upper echelon of the Catholic Church would be wiped out in an instant. Browns conjecture here is that so would a lot of the wealth of the Catholic Church, because all those rumored treasures of the Vatican would be vaporized in the fireball. And then, with the deaths of a lot of Catholic Church leaders gathered in Europe, and the erasure of a lot of the Catholic Churchs money, it would he only a matter of hours before the church would all elapse apart like a big house of cards, and then, presumably, would all the Protestant and Independent churches all come tumbling down, and Christianity would Be No More. Meanwhile, back at the Rancho-de-Vaticano, helped by the Swiss Guard, Robert and Vittoria do their best to solve the riddles and right the wrongsbefore it is too late.

?Letter to Americans? by E. P. Thompson :: essays research papers

earn to Americans by E. P. ThompsonDated back in 1986, Letter to Americans is as if its written in the last three-four years. In it E. P. Thompson explains why he is anti-American in his beliefs.First off, he starts with that he is in two minds about this state of his. Even his friends uncertainness he is anti-American, thinking he is joking. We also read how the author traces American ancestry on his mothers side- he goes back to his great-great-grandfather who lived in capital of Nebraska times. Most of his ancestors are white Protestants from the upper class.Second of all, Thompson presents his idea (which he defends throughout almost the whole text) that military troubles had started a long time ago. He gives examples with the Middle East, Ireland and even England.One of the strongest parts is the questions-passage the sender asks Americans what made them change, why the national-exaltation He doesnt look for the answers.Terrorism is the next problem that is discussed in Lett er to Americans. Thompson gives an interesting example with the death of an American serviceman which was highly noticed and at the same time the death of sixty-three other lives (non-American) is left almost unmentioned.E. P. Thompson doubts the moral of war. Or he doubts the moral of anti-terrorist war. In the next lines we read how disappointed he is that hes half-American. But he also doesnt like being half-English after the heroine is walking tall- Margaret Thatcher is accepted as a betrayer of national honour.The author doesnt forget to mention the alliance between USA and NATO. He thinks that Americans welcome NATO as a weapon for Americas affairs, not of the worlds. In his final words, it is suggested that either atomic number 63 should invite USA to leave NATO or Europe should expel America from it.It is somehow strange for todays reader to find out that the smear with Americas foreign affairs hasnt changed much. As some clever people have said, The History book on the sh elf is eer repeating itself. Even after nineteen years, Americans think of themselves as citizens of the strongest nation in the world. Even after the September the 11th. Even after Iraq. And Afghanistan. The next pound thing that could happen to the new American history was Bushs re-election. I doubt so many American people are that subdued I lived in USA and most of the people I met there dont like his deeds.

Definition Essay †Different Meanings of Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay Different Meanings of Private Property is a central economic fundament of any society, and private property is the central institution of a free society. This was a inverted comma by David Friedman (Friedman). The word dealt with in this essay is private and this quote exactly examines one of the prime meanings of private. The main aim of my essay is to explain the different meanings of the word private and to explain the significance and variations of its usage over the erstwhile(prenominal) decades.My research regarding the meaning of the word private was accounted from three dictionaries. The three dictionaries that have been selected are - Websters New World dictionary of the American language (1961), Webster An American dictionary of the English language(1844) and Oxford English Dictionary (1989) According to all these dictionaries private had three differentiable meanings. The first one was - of concerning a particular person or a group, non general for ex ample private property, a private joke or view etc, and also in other words not open to the public or controlled...

Definition Essay †Different Meanings of Private -- Definition Essays

Definition Essay Different Meanings of Private Property is a central economic formation of any society, and personal property is the central institution of a free society. This was a quote by David Friedman (Friedman). The word dealt with in this essay is private and this quote exactly examines one of the prime meanings of private. The main educate of my essay is to explain the different meanings of the word private and to explain the significance and variations of its usage over the past decades.My research regarding the meaning of the word private was accounted from 3 dictionaries. The three dictionaries that have been selected are - Websters New World dictionary of the American language (1961), Webster An American dictionary of the English language(1844) and Oxford English Dictionary (1989) tally to all these dictionaries private had three differentiable meanings. The first one was - of concerning a particular person or a group, not general for example private property, a p rivate joke or view etc, and also in other words not open to the public or controlled...

The Analysis †Amazing Grace

The Analysis abominable Grace Kiel Carino ENG 125 Professor Olabisi Adenekan October 29, 2012 The Analysis Amazing Grace The verse line Amazing Grace by John northward is ane of the most famous poesys ever written and composed. Amazing Grace has been particularly influential and has alter lives since it was written. The reasons why Amazing Grace is influential are for the uniform reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engaging. The literary elements that attributed to the poems quality and importance are its form, content, and tone.These elements are what make Amazing Grace such an important and significant piece of poetry in history. The form of the poem Amazing Grace is different from other literature readings from the book. Amazing Grace is a special type of literature a poem in a form of a song. A hymn is a lyric poem or sacred song which is written in praise to a idol or spirit (Wheeler, 2012). This type of literary form is appealing to read and hear. The po em comes to life as it is being played.This type of literary form has an favor over other types due to the poem is being composed specifically to be heard, not read. The contents of Amazing Grace are overwhelmingly powerful. In the first paragraph, John Newton use words to describe who he was and how a certain sound changed his life. Amazing grace How sweet the sound, / That saved a wretch like me / I once was lost but now am found, / Was blind, but now I see. (cited in Clugston, 2010). In this paragraph, Newton used words such a wretch to describe himself.He also stated that he was lost, but the sweet sound helped him and guided him to see, which to me meant that he began to differentiate amidst right and wrong. In the fourth paragraph, John Newton once again used strong words to captivate its audience by letting the readers jockey where he stands with his faith. The lord has promised good to me / His word hope secures / He testament my shield and portion be, / As long as life endures (cited in Clugston, 2010). Newton stated in this paragraph that he impart maintain his faith with the Lord.The Lord promised him good things and he will be eternally grateful. I call up that this poem is a short autobiography of John Newton and how his life was changed forever. The contents of this poem are very strong and as a psyche of faith, reading a poem of this caliber strengthened by beliefs. The contents kept me attached and encouraged me to keep reading in order to nonplus out more about John Newtons life and how he was spiritually saved. The tone of Amazing Grace was very slow and methodical. As stated earlier, I believe this poem is a short autobiography of the author and it came from the heart.The author seemed as if he was pouring his heart out as he wrote this poem. Through many dangers, toils, and snares / I have already come / Tis grace that brought me safe thus far, / and grace will lead me home (cited in Clugston, 2010). In this passage, he stated that he has been through many trials in his life, but he has overcome all of this through his faith and this faith of his will assist in overcoming what trials lie ahead. After reading this poem, I listed to the audio version and the audio version enhanced its meaning.The slow and sad tone of this poem graciously depicted John Newtons struggles, prior to being saved spiritually. The poem Amazing Grace by John Newton is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. Amazing Grace has been particularly influential and has affected lives since it was written. The reasons why Amazing Grace is influential are for the same reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engaging. The literary elements that attributed to the poems quality and importance are its form, content, and tone.These elements are what make Amazing Grace such an important and significant piece of poetry in history. By combining the form, contents, and the tone, John Newton beautifully created a masterpiece th at will continuously affect people for years to come. Reference Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Wheeler, D. L. K. (2012). Literary terms and definition. Retrieved on October 25, 2012 from http//web. cn. edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_H. html

Enterperneurship and Notes

enterprisershipMGT602 VU Table of Contents Lesson No. Title / Topic 1 Introduction 2 The Nature and Importance of entrepreneurship 3 entrepreneurial assist/ Start up 4 The Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind 5 The Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind (Contd ) 6 The Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind (Contd ) 7 The Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind (Contd ) 8 The Individual Entrepreneur 9 The Individual Entrepreneur (Contd ) 10 The Individual Entrepreneur (Contd 11 International Entrepreneurial Opport social unities 12 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities 13 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Contd ) 14 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Contd ) 15 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Contd ) 16 Creativity and p arntage enterprise Idea 17 Creativity and the Business Idea 18 Legal Issues for the Entrepreneur 19 Legal Issues for Entrepreneur (Contd ) 20 Legal Issues for the Entrepreneur (Contd ) 21 Creating and scratch the Ve nture 22 Creating and Starting the Business Venture (Contd 23 Creating and Starting the Venture (Continued) 24 Creating and Starting the Business designing Continued) 25 The Marketing Plan 26 The Marketing immingle 27 The organizational Plan 28 The Organizational Plan (Continued) 29 The Organization Plan (Contd ) 30 The Financial Plan 31 The Financial Plan (Continued ) 32 Pro Forma Sources and Uses of Funds 33 Pro forma Sources and Uses of Funds 34 Bank Lending Decision 35 Sources of Capital 36 Sources of Capital (Contd ) 37 Capital Sources in Pakistan Preparing for the New Venture Launch archaeozoic Management Decisions 38 (Contd ) Page No. 3 06 08 13 15 18 20 22 24 26 29 33 35 37 39 40 43 46 49 52 54 56 58 60 62 65 68 70 72 75 77 81 83 85 87 89 91 95 procure virtual(prenominal) University of Pakistan 1 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU 39 Preparing for the New Venture Launch beforehand(p rubyicate) Management Decisions (Contd ) 40 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Manageme nt Decisions (Contd ) 41 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Management Decisions (Contd ) 96 97 99 42 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Management Decisions (Contd ) 43 New Venture Expansion Strategies and Issues 44 New Venture Expansion Strategies and Issues (Contd 45 Entrepreneurship and Pakistan 102 103 105 108 procure Virtual University of Pakistan 2 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 sub social system Lesson 01 instruction OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VU 1. To introduce the concept of enterprisership and its historical suppuration. 2. To apologise the entrepreneurial decision serve well. 3. To identify the basic types of start-up ventures. 4. To explain the mathematical function of entrepreneurship in economic emergence. 5. To discuss the m literals and racial responsibility of entrepreneurs. NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF entrepreneurSHIP The term entrepreneur have it aways from the French and translates among-taker or go- among. Earliest Period In this period the money person (forerunner of the working capitalist) entered into a contr crop with the go-between to sell his seriouss. enchantment the capitalist was a passive risk beargonr, the merchant bore whole the physical and emotional risks. Middle Ages In this age the term entrepreneur was used to describe both an actor and a person who managed large victoriouss projects. In such large production projects, this person did non take any risks, managing the project with the resources provided. A typical entrepreneur was the cleric who managed architectural projects. 7th Century In the 17th carbon the entrepreneur was a person who entered into a contract with the government to perform a service Ric sullen Cantillon, a noted economist of the 1700s, develop theories of the entrepreneur and is regarded as the beliefuateer of the term. He viewed the entrepreneur as a risk taker who buys at received price and sells at an uncertain price, on that pointfore operating at a risk. 18th Cent ury In the 18th century the person with capital was differentiated from the one who needed capital. In separate words, entrepreneur was wonderful from the capital provider.Many of the inventions developed during this snip as was the case with the inventions of Eli Whitney and Thomas Edison were unable to finance invention themselves. Both were capital users (entrepreneurs), not capital providers (venture capitalists. ) Whitney used expropriated crown property. Edison elevated capital from private sources. A venture capitalist is a professional money manager who lists risk investments from a pool of equity capital to maintain a high rate of return on investments. 19th and 20th Centuries In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, entrepreneurs were viewed mostly from an economic perspective.The entrepreneur contri andes his own foremost, skill and ingenuity in fancyning, organizing and administering the enterprise, assuming the chance of loss and shoot. Andrew Carnegie is o ne of the scoop examples of this definition, building the Ameri sewer steel industry on of the wonders of industrial world, primarily through his competitiveness rather than creativity. In the middle of the 20th century, the notion of an entrepreneur as an innovator was peeed. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 3 EntrepreneurshipMGT602Innovation, the act of introducing whateverthing stark naked-made, is one of the most difficult tasks for the entrepreneur. VU Edward Harriman and John Pierpont Morgan are examples of this type of entrepreneur. Edward reorganized the Ontario and southern railroad through the northern pacific trust and john developed his large cashboxing house by reorganizing and financial support the nations industries. This might to innovate is an instinct that distinguishes human organisms from other creatures and can be observed end-to-end score. DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEUR The concept of entrepreneurship from a personal perspective has been explo red in this century.This exploration is reflected in the following three definitions of an entrepreneur In almost all definitions of entrepreneurship, there is agreement that we are talking about a kind of behavior that embroils 1. Initiative taking 2. The organizing and reorganizing or social/economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to functional account. 3. The acceptance of risk or failure. To an economist, an entrepreneur is one who brings resources, labor, materials, and other assets into combinations that make their value greater than before, and one who introduces changes, unveilings, and a sassy order.To a psychologist, such a person is typically driven by certain forces- the need to obtain something, to audition, to accomplish or perhaps to escape the authority of others. Entrepreneurship is the dynamic forge of creating additive wealth. Our definition of entrepreneurship involves four aspects 1. Entrepreneurship involves the foundation process. 2. It a ccepts the devotion of the undeniable time and effort. 3. It involves assuming the necessary risks. 4. The rewards of being an entrepreneur are independence, personal satisfaction, and monetary reward.For the person who in reality starts his or her own byplay there is a high failure rate due to poor sales, intense competition, overlook of capital or lack of managerial capability. THE ENTR EPRENEURIAL DECISION PROCESS (Deciding to become an entrepreneur by leaving present drill ) Many individuals scram difficulty bringing their ideas to the market and creating radical venture entrepreneurship and the actual entrepreneurial decisions scram resulted in several million virgin parentagees being started throughout the world.Although no one knows the exact number in the United States. Indeed, millions of ventures are formed despite recession, inflation, high interest rates, and lack of infrastructure, economic uncertainty and the high probability of failure The entrepreneurial d ecision process entails a movement from something to something a movement from a present life style to forming a vernal enterprise. To resign a present live-style to create something new comes from a ostracize forcedisruption. Many companies are formed by people who have retired, moved, or been fired.Another shell of disruption Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 4 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 is completing an educational gunpoint. The decision to start a new company occurs when an individual perceives that forming a new enterprise is both desirable and possible. VU KEY scathe Breakthrough groundworks A new product with some proficient change Business ethics The study of behavior and morals in a clientele situation Desirability of new venture brass Aspects of a situation that make it desirable to start a new company.Entrepreneur Individual who takes risks and starts something new Entrepreneur as an innovator An individual maturation something unique Entrepreneurial decisi on process Deciding to become an entrepreneur by leaving present activity Entrepreneurship Process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 5 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Lesson 02 VU LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To introduce the concept of entrepreneurship and its historical education. . To explain the entrepreneurial decision process. Desirability of New Venture Formation (Aspects of a situation that make it desirable to start a new company) The perception that starting a new company is desirable results from an individuals acculturation, subculture, family, teachers and peers. American culture places a high value on being your own boss, being a achiever and making money therefore, it is not surprising to find a high rate of company formation in the United States.On the other hand in some countries making money is not as valued and failure may be a disgrace. The rate of business form ation in these countries is not as high. Many subcultures that shape value systems operate inwardly a cultural framework. Studies indicate that a high partage of founders of companies had fathers and/or mothers who valued independence. hike to form a company is likewise gained from teachers, who can significantly influence individuals. An area having a strong educational base is also a necessity for entrepreneurial activity.Peers are authorized, also, as is an area with an entrepreneurial pool and peer-meeting place. Possibility of New Venture Formation (Factors making it possible to create a new venture) Although the desire of new venture formation derived from the individuals culture, subculture, family, teachers and peers demand to be present before any action is taken, the second feature necessary centers around this question What makes it possible to form a new company? Formal education nd previous business experience give a potential entrepreneur the skills needed to f orm and manage a new enterprise. Although educational systems are important in providing the needed business noesis, individual entrust tend to be to a greater extent(prenominal) victorious in forming in fields in which they have worked. The government also contributes by providing the infrastructure to help a new venture. The market must be large enough and the entrepreneur must have the marketing know-how to lay together the entire package. Finally, financial resources must be readily available.Although most start-up money comes from personal savings, credit, and friends, but there is often a need for additional capital. riskcapital availability plays an essential subprogram in the development and egression of entrepreneurial activity. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 6 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU KEY legal injury Foundation companies A type of company formed from search and development that usually does not go public. Gazelles Very high harvest-home ventures. Government as an innovator A government active in commercializing technology high-power ventures.A venture that has high growth potential and therefore receives great investor interest Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship at bottom an existing business structure Iterative synthesis The intersection of knowledge and social need that starts the product development process Lifestyle unwaveringly A small venture that hold ups the owners and usually does not grow Ordinary variation Z new product with little technological change Possibility of new venture formation Factors making it possible to create a new venture Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 7 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS/START UPS Lesson 03 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To identify the basic types of start-up ventures. 2. To explain the role of entrepreneurship in economic development 3. To discuss the ethics and racial responsibility of TYPES OF START-UPS Life-Style Firms A life-style firm exists primarily to support the owners and usually has little growth probability.This type of firm may grow after several years to 30 or 40 employees. Foundation Companies VU A type of company formed from look into and development that usually does not go public. This firm can grow in five to ten years from 40 to 400 employees. High-Potential Venture A venture has high growth potential and therefore receives great investor interest. The company may start out like a foundation company, but its growth is far more(prenominal) rapid. aft(prenominal) five to ten years the company could employ around 500 employees.These firms are also called gazelles and are most important for the economic development of an area ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The role of entrepreneurship in economic development involves initiating change in the structure of business and society. One theory of economic growth depicts innovation as the key, not only in developing new products, but also in bear on invest ment interest. The new capital created overstates the capacity for growth (supply side), and new spending utilizes the new capacity and output (demand side. In spite of the grandeur of investment and innovation in the economic development of an area, there is still a lack of understanding of hardly a(prenominal) factors which are as follows The product-evolution process is the process through which innovation develops and markets through entrepreneurial activity, which in turn stimulates economic growth. It begins with knowledge in the base technology and ends with products or services available in the marketplace. The critical halt in the process is the intersection of knowledge and a recognized social need, called the iterative synthesis.This point often fails to evolve into a marketable innovation. Most innovations introduced in the market are ordinary innovations, with little uniqueness. Technological innovations refer to new products with significant technological advance ments. Breakthrough innovations mean the development of new products with some technological change. Regardless of the direct of uniqueness or technology, each innovation evolves into and develops towards commercialization through one of three mechanisms the government, entrepreneurship, or entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship has assisted in revitalizing areas of the Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 8 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU inner city. Individuals in inner-city areas can relate to the concept and see it as a possibility for changing their present situation. GOVERNMENT AS AN INNOVATOR A government active in commercializing technology is known as an innovative government. Commercializing technology is frequently called technology permute. However, few inventions resulting from government-sponsored research have reached the commercial market.Most of the by-products from scientific research have little application to any social need. The government lacks the business skil ls needed for successful commercialization. Government bureaucracy and red tape also often inhibit the timely formation of the business. Recently, federal labs have been compulsory to commercialize some of their technology each year and some are providing entrepreneurial training Intrapreneurship Intrapreneurship refers to entrepreneurship within an existing organization or business structure. Existing businesses have the financial resources, business skills, and arketing and distribution system to commercialize innovation successfully. Often the bureaucratic structure, emphasis on misfortunate-term profits, and structured organization inhibit creativity. about corporations have tried to apply an Entrepreneurial intent in their organization, some in the form of strategic business units (SBUs. ) Intrapreneurship can also bridge the scis accredited between light and the marketplace. It is the practice of using entrepreneurial skills without taking on the risks or accountability associated with entrepreneurial activities.It is practiced by employees within an established organization using a systemized business model. Employees, perhaps meshed in a special project within a larger firm are supposed to behave as entrepreneurs, even though they have the resources and capabilities of the larger firm to draw upon. Capturing the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial counselling (trying things until successful, learning from failures, attempting to conserve resources, etc. ) adds to the potential of otherwise static organizations without exposing those employees or self mployed people to the risks or accountability normally associated with entrepreneurial failure. Employee Intrapreneur An employee Intrapreneur is the person who focuses on innovation and creativity and who transforms a dream or an idea into a paid venture, by operating within the organizational milieu. Thus, Intrapreneurs are inside entrepreneurs who follow the goal of the organization. Employees , perhaps engaged in a special project within a larger firm are supposed to behave as entrepreneurs, even though they have the resources, capabilities and security of the larger firm to draw upon.Capturing a little of the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial management (trying things until successful, learning from failures, attempting to conserve resources, etc. ) adds to the potential of an otherwise static organizations without exposing those employees to the risks or accountability normally associated with entrepreneurial failure Entrepreneurship The third method for bridging the gap between the science and the marketplace is via Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 9 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs have difficult time bridging this gap and creating new ventures.They may often lack managerial skills, marketing capabilities, or financial resources. They frequently do not know how to interface with banks, suppliers, customers, and distributors. Yet , entrepreneurship is the most strong method for bridging the gap and creating new enterprises, these activities affect an areas economy by building the economic base and providing jobs. ENTREPRENEURIAL CAREERS AND EDUCATION Since 1985 there has been an increased interest in entrepreneurial careers fostered by factors such as increased media coverage of entrepreneurs and employment shifts.A conceptual model for understanding entrepreneurial careers views the career stages as interacting with other stages and events in the individuals life, the life-cycle approach. This approach conceptualizes entrepreneurial careers in nine categories. 1. Educational surroundings 2. The individuals personality 3. puerility family milieu 4. Employment business relationship 5. Adult development history 6. Adult family/non-work history 7. Current work situation 8. The individuals current perspective 9.The current family situation Although there exist a common perception that entrepreneur are less e ducated than the cosmopolitan population however studies have found entrepreneurs boilersuit and fe manlike entrepreneurs in particular, are far more educated than the general population. However, this education sometimes does not develop the specific skills needed in the venture, particularly for women entrepreneurs. Childhood influences have been explored, particularly in terms of values and the individuals personality . The traits most frequently researched are the need for achievement, locus of hold up, risk-taking, and gender identity.The research on the childhood family environs of the entrepreneur has had more definite results. Entrepreneurs tend to have self-employed fathers, and many also have entrepreneurial mothers. The family plays an important role in establishing the desirability of entrepreneurship as a career. Employment history also has an impact on entrepreneur careers in both positive and a negative sense. Entrepreneurs tend to have a higher probability of s uccess when the venture created is in their field of experience. Negative displacement (such as dissatisfaction with various aspects of ones job) also encourages entrepreneurship.Although no definite research has been done on the adult development history of entrepreneurs, it appears to also affect entrepreneurs careers. Ones development history has somewhat more of an impact on women, since they tend to start businesses at a later stage in life. There is a lack of information on adult family/non-work history and the available data adds little understanding towards entrepreneurial career development. Entrepreneurs are known for their strong work values, their long workdays, and their governing management style. They tend to fall in love with the organization and will sacrifice almost Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 10 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU anything in order for it to survive. spot in college, few future entrepreneurs realize that they will pursue entrepreneurship as their major life goal. Relatively few individuals will start a business immediately after graduation. Entrepreneurship education is a fast growing area in colleges and universities. While the courses vary by university, there is a great commonality, particularly in the initial few courses. The skills required by entrepreneurs can be classified in to three main areas 1.Technical skills involve such things as writing, listening, oral presentations, coaching, and technical know-how. 2. Business management skills include those areas involved in starting, developing and managing any enterprise. 3. Personal entrepreneurial skills differentiate an entrepreneur from a manager and include inner rig (discipline), risk taking, innovativeness, persistence, visionary leadership, and being change oriented. These skills and objectives form the basis of the modular approach to an entrepreneurship curriculum.Today entrepreneurs are recognizing the need to learn some of the science of management in an MBA program in order to grow their businesses effectively in the global environment. ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF ENTREPRENEURS The entrepreneur must establish a balance between ethical exigencies, economic expediency, and social responsibility. A managers attitudes matching corporate responsibility tend to be supportive of laws and professional codes of ethics. Entrepreneurs have few reference persons, role models, and developed inborn ethics codes.Entrepreneurs are sensitive to peers pressure and social norms in the community as well as pressures from their companies. While ethics refers to the study of whatever is right and sober for humans, business ethics concerns itself with the investigation of business practices in light of human values. The word ethics stems from the classic ethos, meaning custom and usage. Development of Our Ethical Concepts Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle provide the earliest writings dealing with ethical conceptions earlier writings involvin g moral codes can be found in both Judaism and Hinduism.American attitudes on ethics result from three principle influences Judeo-Christian heritage, a belief in individualism and opportunities based on ability rather than social emplacement. Research on business ethics can be broken down into four broad classifications 1. Pedagogically-oriented inquiry 2. Theory-building without empirical scrutiny 3. Empirical research, measuring the attitudes and ethical beliefs of students and pedantic faculty 4.Empirical research within business environments THE FUTURE OF ENTREPRENE URSHIP In spite of the diversitys in definition of entrepreneurship, there are common aspects such as risk taking, creativity, independence, and rewards. Entrepreneurship is currently being embraced by educational institutions, governments, societies, and corporations. Schools are increasing their emphasis on entrepreneurship in terms of courses and academic research. In Europe many universities have started prog rams in entrepreneurship. There has also been an increase in academic research, endowed chairs and centers of Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 11 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU entrepreneurial activity. Governments have also promoted the growth of entrepreneurship. Individuals are encouraged to form new businesses and provided tax incentives, roads, and a communications system to facilitate this creative process. Some posit governments are developing strategies for fostering entrepreneurial activity. The venture capital industry has benefited from lowering of capital gains tax rates and more relaxed rules regarding pension fund investment. golf-clubs support of entrepreneurship is critical in providing motivation and public support.The media has played a powerful role in developing public support. Media coverage uplifts the calculate of the entrepreneur and growth companies. Articles have appeared in newspapers such as New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the Washingto n Post. Business magazines such as Barrons, Business Week, Forbes, and destiny have provided coverage. Magazines such as Black Enterprise, Entrepreneur, Inc. , and Venture focus on issues of the entrepreneurial process. Television on both a national and local aim has highlighted entrepreneurship. Large companies will continue to have a special interest in Entrepreneurship in the future.The largest 15 companies account for over 20 percent of the jibe U. S. research and development. Other companies will create more new businesses through Entrepreneurship. KEY TERMS Product-evolution process Process for developing and commercializing an innovation Risk taking Taking calculated chances in creating and running a venture. Technological innovation A new product with significant technological advancement Technology transfer Commercializing the technology in the laboratories into new products Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 12 EntrepreneurshipMGT602THE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAP RENEURIAL MIND LEARNING OBJECTIV ES 1. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. 2. To explain the differences between entrepreneurial and managerial domains. 3. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. 4. To identify the general distinctions of an Entrepreneur. 5. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization. VU Lesson 04 ENTREPR E NEURIAL PROCESS The entrepreneurial process involves finding, evaluating, and developing an opportunity by overcoming the strong forces that resist the creation of something new.Phase 1 Identifying and Evaluating the Opportunity Most erect business opportunities result from an entrepreneur being alert to possibilities. Some sources are often fruitful, including consumers and business associates. Channel members of the distribution system-retailers, wholesalers or manufacturers reps-are also helpful. Technically-oriented individuals often identify business opportunities when wor king on other projects. Each opportunity must be carefully screened and evaluated-this is the most critical element of the entrepreneurial process. . The evaluation process involves looking at b. The creation and continuance of the opportunity c. Its real and perceived value d. Its risks and return. e. Its fit with the skills and goals of the entrepreneur f. Its differential advantage in its competitive environment It is important to understand the cause of the opportunity, as the resulting opportunity may have a different market size and time dimension. The market size and the length of the window of opportunity are the primarily bases for determining risks and rewards.The risks reflect the market, competition, technology, and tally of capital involved. The amount of capital forms the basis for the return and rewards. The return and reward of the present opportunity need to be viewed in light of any possible subsequent opportunities as well. The opportunity must fit the personal skills and goals of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur must be able to put forth the necessary time and effort required for the venture to succeed. One must believe in the opportunity enough to make the necessary sacrifices.Opportunity analytic thinking, or an opportunity assessment plan, should focus on the opportunity and provide the basis to make the decision, including a. A exposition of the product or service b. An assessment of the opportunity c. Assessment of the entrepreneur and the team d. Specifications of all the activities and resources needed e. The source of capital to finance the initial venture The most difficult aspect of opportunity analysis is the assessment of the opportunity. Phase 2 Develop a Business Plan A good business plan must be developed in order to exploit the opportunity defined.A good business plan is important in developing the opportunity and in determining the resources required, obtaining those resources and successfully managing the venture. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 13 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU Phase 3 Determine the Resources Required. Assessing the resources needed starts with an appraisal of the entrepreneurs present resources. Any resources that are critical must be distinguished from those that are just helpful. Care must be taken not to underestimate the amount and variety of resources needed. Acquiring needed resources, while giving up as little control as possible, is difficult.The entrepreneur should try to maintain as large an ownership position as possible, particularly in the start-up stage. As the business develops, more funds will probably be needed, requiring more ownership be relinquished. Alternative resource suppliers should be identified, along with their postulate and desires, in order to structure a deal with the lowest cost and loss of control. Phase 4 Manage the Enterprise. The entrepreneur must employ these resources through death penalty of the business plan. This involves imple menting a management structure, as well as identifying a control system.KEY TERMS Administrative domain The ways managers make decisions Business plan The description of the future direction of the business Corporate culture The environment of a particular organization Entrepreneurial domain The ways entrepreneurs make decisions Entrepreneurial process The process through which a new venture is created by an entrepreneur Entrepreneurial culture The environment of an entrepreneurial-oriented organization Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship within an existing business organization Opportunity identification The process by which an entrepreneur comes up with the opportunity for a new venture Opportunity parameters Barriers to new product creation and development Top management commitment Managers in an organization strongly supporting entrepreneurship Traditional managers Managers in a non-entrepreneurial-oriented organization windowpane of opportunity The time period available for creat ing the new venture Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 14 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VUTHE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND (continued) Lesson 05 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. 2. To explain the differences between entrepreneurial and managerial domains. 3. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. 4. To identify the general characteristics of an entrepreneur. 5. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization. MANAGERIAL VERSUS ENTREPRENEURIAL DECISION MAKING The difference between the entrepreneurial and managerial styles involves five business dimensions. Strategic Orientation The entrepreneurs strategic druthers depends on his or her perception of the opportunity.This orientation is most important when other opportunities have diminishing returns accompanied by rapid changes in technology, consumer economies, social values or political rules. When the use of mea n systems is the strategic orientation, there is more pressure for the administrative domain to be operant. Commitment to Opportunity The entrepreneurial domainis pressured by the need for action and has a short time span in terms of opportunity commitment. The administrative domain (the ways mangers make decisions) is not only slow to act on an opportunity, but the commitment is usually for a longer time span. Commitment of Resources An entrepreneur is used to having resources committed at periodic intervals, often based on certain tasks or objectives being reached.In acquiring these resources the entrepreneur is pressure to achieve significant milestones using very few resources. In the administrative domain, the commitment of resources is for the total amount needed. Administrative-oriented individuals receive personal rewards by effectively administering the resources under their control. Control of Resources The administrator is rewarded by effective resource administration an d has a drive to own or accumulate as many resources as possible. The entrepreneur, under pressure of limited resources, strives to rent resources on an as-needed basis. Managerial Structure In the administrative domain, the organizational structure is formalized and hierarchical in nature.The entrepreneur employs a flat organizational structure with informal networks. CAUSES FOR RECENT INTEREST IN INTRAPRENEURSHIP Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 15 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU Interest in intrapreneurship has resulted from events occurring on social, cultural, and business levels. There is an increasing interest in doing your own thing. Individuals frequently desire to create something of their own. They expect responsibility and want more freedom in their organizations. Frustration can develop and result in the employee becoming less productive or leaving the organization. This has recently caused more discontent in structured organizations.When meaning is not provided wi thin the organization, individuals often search for an institution, such as entrepreneurship, that will provide it. Intrapreneurship is one method for stimulating and capitalizing on those who think that something can be done differently and better, such as Xerox Corporations commitment to Xerox Technology Ventures. It is important to instill the intrapreneurial spirit in an organization in order to innovate and grow. In a large organization problems occur that thwart creativity and innovation. This growth and diversity that can result are critical, since large corporations are more efficient in a competitive market than are smaller firms.The safeguard against flexibility, growth, and diversification can be overcome by developing a spirit of entrepreneurship, called Intrapreneurship, within the existing organization. There are social, cultural, and business pressures for Entrepreneurship. Hyper competition has forced U. S. companies to focus on new product development and increase d productivity. Reductions in large corporations staff are being absorbed in the workforce, particularly in small businesses. Entrepreneurial endeavors consist of four key elements. 1. New business venturing refers to the creation of new business within an existing organization. 2. Organizational innovativeness refers to product and service innovation with an emphasis on development and innovation in technology. 3.Self-renewal reflects the transformation of organizations through the renewal of the key ideas on which they are built. 4. Proactiveness includes initiative and risk taking, as well as competitive aggressiveness KEY TERMS Administrative domain The ways managers make decisions Business plan The description of the future direction of the business Corporate culture The environment of a particular organization Entrepreneurial domain The ways entrepreneurs make decisions Entrepreneurial process The process through which a new venture is created by an entrepreneur Entrepreneuria l culture The environment of an entrepreneurial-oriented organization Entrepreneurship Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 16 EntrepreneurshipMGT602Entrepreneurship within an existing business organization Opportunity identification The process by which an entrepreneur comes up with the opportunity for a new venture Opportunity parameters Barriers to new product creation and development Top management commitment Managers in an organization strongly supporting Entrepreneurship Traditional managers Managers in a non-entrepreneurial-oriented organization Window of opportunity The time period available for creating the new venture VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 17 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU THE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND (continued) Lesson 06 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. To explain the differences between entrepreneurial and managerial domains. To explain the organizational environment conduciv e for entrepreneurship. To identify the general characteristics of an entrepreneur. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization.CORPORATE VERSUS INTRAPRENEURIAL CULTURE Smaller, aggressive, entrepreneurial firms are developing more new products and becoming dominant in certain markets. Many companies are attempting to create the same spirit, culture, and rewards of entrepreneurship in their organizations. The typical corporate culture has a climate and reward system that favors conservative decision making. Emphasis is on gathering large amounts of data as the basis for a wise decision. Risky decisions are often postponed until hard facts are gathered or a consultant is hired. Often there are so many approvals required that no individual feels personally responsible for the project. The guiding principles in a traditional corporate culture are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Follow instructions given Do not make mistakes Do not fail Do not take initiative Stay withi n your turf and protect your backside This restrictive environment is not conducive to creativity, flexibility, and risk taking The guiding principles of intrapreneurs Aspects of an Entrepreneurial culture are quite different 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Develop visions, goals, and action plans Be rewarded for actions taken Suggest, try, and experiment Create and develop Take responsibility and ownership There are differences in the norms of the two cultures. The traditional culture is hierarchical in nature, with established procedures, lines of authority, and control mechanisms. These support the present corporate culture, and do not encourage new venture creation.The culture of an intrapreneurial firm has a flat organizational structure with networking, teamwork, sponsors, and mentors. conterminous working relationships help establish an atmosphere or trust that facilitates accomplishment of visions. Individuals make suggestions across functional areas, resulting in cross-fertilization of ide as. The two cultures produce different types of individuals and management styles. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 18 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU Motivation Traditional managers are motivate primarily by promotion and typical corporate rewards. Entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs thrive on independence and the ability to create.Intrapreneurs expect their cognitive process to be suitably rewarded. There are also time orientation differences. Managers emphasize the short run, entrepreneurs the long run, and intrapreneurs somewhere in between. Intrapreneurs use a midpoint mode between delegation of managers and direct involvement of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs are moderate risk takers managers are much more cautious. Most entrepreneurs fail at least once, and Intrapreneurs learn to conceal risky projects from management until the last possible moment. Traditional managers tend to be most bear on about those at higher levels, entrepreneurs serve self and custome rs, and intrapreneurs add sponsors.CLIMATE FOR INTRAPRENEURSHIP In establishing an Intrapreneurial environment, certain factors and leadership characteristics need to be present. The first of these is that the organization operates on the frontiers of technology. Since research and development are key sources for new product ideas, the firm must operate on the cutting edge of technology and encourage and supporting new ideas instead of discouraging them. Second is experimentation, or trial and error, is encouraged. Successful new products usually do not appear fully developed instead they evolve. A company wanting to establish an intrapreneurial spirit has to establish an environment that allows mistakes and failures.Without the opportunity to fail, few corporate intrapreneurial ventures will be developed. Third an organization should make sure that there are no initial opportunity parameters, such as turf protection, inhibiting creativity in new product development. Fourth, the res ources of the firm need to be available and easily accessible. Often, insufficient funds are allocated not to creating something new but instead to solving a problem that have an immediate effect on the bottom line. Some companies, such as Xerox, 3M, and AT&T have established separate venture capital areas for funding new internal ventures. Fifth a multidisciplinary team approach ask to be encouraged.One key to Intrapreneurial success is the existence of skunkworks involving key people. Developing the needed team work for a new venture is further complicated by the fact that a team members promotion within the corporation is related to performance in the current position, not in the new venture. The corporate environment must establish a long time horizon for evaluating the success of the overall program. Sixth the spirit of intrapreneurship cannot be forced on individuals it must be voluntary. Most managers in a corporation are not capable of being successful intrapreneurs. Those who do emerge from this self selection process must be allowed the latitude to carry a project through to completion.An intrapreneur falls in love with the new venture and will do almost anything to ensure its success. The seventh characteristic is a reward system. The intrapreneur needs to be appropriately rewarded for the dynamism and effort expended on the new venture. An equity position in the new venture is one of the best motivational methods. Eight a corporate environment favorable for intrapreneurship has sponsors and champions throughout the organization that supports the creative activity and resulting failures. Finally the intrapreneurial activity must be whole-heartedly supported by top management. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 19 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VUTHE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND (continued) Lesson 07 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. To explain the differences between entrepreneuri al and managerial domains. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. To identify the general characteristics of an Entrepreneur. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization. INTRAPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS There are certain individual characteristics needed for a person to be successful Entrepreneurs, including 1. Understanding the environment 2. Being visionary and elastic 3. Creating management options 4.Encourage teamwork while employing a multi-disciplined approach 5. Encouraging scatter discussion 6. Building a coalition of supporters, and persisting An Entrepreneur needs to understand all aspects of the environment. Part of this ability is reflected in individuals level of creativity. Creativity tends to decrease with age and education. The individual must be creative and have a broad understanding of the internal and external environments of the corporation. The intrapreneurial person must be a vision ary leader-a person who dreams great dreams. leading is the ability to dream great things and communicate them in a way that people say yes to being a part of the dream.To establish a successful new venture, the intrapreneurial leader must have a dream and overcome all obstacles to achieve it. The third necessary characteristic is that the intrapreneur must be flexible and create management options. An intrapreneur is open to and encourages change. By challenging the beliefs and assumptions of the corporation, an intrapreneur can create something new in the organization structure. He or she must possess the ability to encourage teamwork and use a multi-disciplined approach. Every new company formation requires a broad range of business skills. The intrapreneur must be a good diplomat to minimize disruption. Open discussion must be encouraged to develop a good team for creating something new.Many corporate managers have forgotten that frank, open discussion is part of the learning p rocess. A successful venture can be formed only when the team feels the freedom to disagree and to critique an idea. The degree of openness among the team depends on the degree of openness of the intrapreneur. Openness leads to a strong coalition of supporters and encouragers. The intrapreneur must encourage each team member, particularly during hard times. A good intrapreneur makes everyone a hero. Only through persistence will a new venture be created and successful commercialization result. ESTABLISHING INTRAPRENEURSHIP IN THE disposal To establish an intrapreneurial environment, the organization must implement a procedure.This can be done internally, but it is easier to use an outsider to facilitate the process. This is particularly true when the environment is very traditional. There are some steps involved in it. Step 1 The first step is to secure a commitment to intrapreneurship in the organization by top, upper, and middle management. Without top management commitment, the organization will never be able to make the necessary changes. Once top management has committed to intrapreneurship for a sufficient length of time, the concept is introduced throughout the organization. This is effectively accomplished through seminars. General guidelines need to be Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 20 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU stablished for intrapreneurial venture development. Next, intrapreneurial leaders need to be identified, selected, and trained. Step 2 Ideas and general interest areas should be identified, along with the amount of risk money that is available. The overall expectations and fundament results should be established, specifying time frame, profitability requirements, and impact of the organization. A mentor/sponsor system needs to be established. Step 3 A company needs to use technology to make itself faster and more flexible. Technology has allowed small companies to act like they are big ones. Large companies can use technology to ma ke them responsive and flexible.Step 4 The organization can use a group of managers to train and share their experiences with other members. These sessions should be conducted one day per month for a specified period of time. Information about intrapreneurship and about the companys specific activities should be well publicized. Step 5 The organization needs to develop ways to get closer to its customers by tapping the data base, hiring from smaller rivals, and helping the retailer. Step 6 An organization must learn to be more productive with fewer resources. With middle management cutbacks, more control has been given to lower levels of the organization. The span of control should be increased. Step 7 The organization needs to establish a strong support structure.Because they do not immediately affect the bottom line, intrapreneurial activities can be overlooked and receive little funding. These ventures require flexible, innovative behavior, with the intrapreneurs having total au thority over expenditures and access to funds. Step 8 The support must involve trying the rewards to the performance of the intrapreneurial unit. This encourages team members to work harder and fight more effectively. The equity portion of the compensation is particularly difficult to handle. Step 9 The organization needs to implement an evaluation system that allows successful units to expand and unsuccessful ones to be eliminated.PROBLEMS AND SUCCESSFUL EFFORTS Intrapreneurship, also called corporate venturing, is not without problems. One study found that new ventures started within a corporation performed worse than those started independently. separate start-ups tend to outperform corporate start-ups. There are many examples of companies that have successfully implemented intrapreneurship. 3M allows employees to devote 15 percent of their time to independent projects. After failing to recognize the potential of Wozniaks personal computer, Hewlett-Packard has taken steps to ta ke advantage of future opportunities. Even IBM has developed the independent business unit concept. The problems of ntrapreneurship are not insurmountable, and the concept can lead to new products, growth and the development of an entirely new corporate environment and culture. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 21 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 THE INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR Lesson 08 LEARNING OBJECTIV ES 1. To identify some key entrepreneurial feelings and motivations. 2. To identify key elements in an entrepreneurs background. 3. To discuss the importance of role models and support systems. 4. To identify the similarities and differences between male and female entrepreneurs. 5. To explain the differences between inventors and entrepreneurs. VU ENTREPR E NEURIAL FEELINGS There is no true entrepreneurial profile- entrepreneurs come from many educational backgrounds, family situations, and work experiences.A potential entrepreneur may presently be a nurse, secretary, assembly line work er, sales person, mechanic, home maker, manager or engineer. A potential entrepreneur can be male or female and of any race or nationality. Locus of Control One concern people have when forming is whether they will be able to sustain the drive and energy required to form something new and to manage the new enterprise and make it grow. While research results are inconsistent, internal control seems to be a characteristic of entrepreneurs. Internal beliefs appear to differentiate entrepreneurs from the general public, but not from managers. Managers and entrepreneurs both have an internality tendency. Feelings about Independence and Need for Achievement.The entrepreneur also has the need for independence, to do things in his or her own way and time. Another controversial characteristic is the entrepreneurs need for achievement. McClelland specified three attributes as characteristics of entrepreneurs 1. Individual responsibility for solving problems and setting and achieving goals. 2. Moderate risk taking as a function of skill. 3. Knowledge of results of decision/task accomplishment. McClelland concluded that a high need for achievement leads individuals to engage in entrepreneurial behavior, although other studies have been inconsistent. Risk Taking Risk taking seems a part of the entrepreneurial process.However, it has not yet been empirically established whether risk-taking is a distinguishing characteristics of entrepreneurs. ENTREPR E NEURIAL BACKGRO UND AND CHARACT E RIST ICS Only a few background characteristics have differentiated the entrepreneur from the general populace or managers. Childhood Family Environment The impact of birth order and social status has had conflicting research results. There is strong evidence that entrepreneurs, both male and female, tend to have self-employed or entrepreneurial fathers. Having a father who is self-employed provides a strong inspiration in the example of independence and flexibility of self-employment.This fee ling of independence is often further enforced by an entrepreneurial mother. The overall parental Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 22 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU relationship may be the most important aspect of the childhood environment in establishing the desirability of entrepreneurial activity. Parents of entrepreneurs need to be supportive and encourage independence, achievement, and responsibility. This supportive relationship appears to be most important for females. Female entrepreneurs tend to grow up in middle- to tweedy environments, where families are child-centered, and are similar to their fathers in personality.KEY TERMS Departure points The activities occurring when the venture is started Inventor An individual who creates something new Locus of control An attribute indicating the sense of control that a person has over life Moral-support network Individuals who give psychological support to an entrepreneur Entrepreneurship MGT602 VU Copyright Virtual Univer sity of Pakistan 23 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU THE INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR (continued) Lesson 09 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To identify some key entrepreneurial feelings and motivations. 2. To identify key elements in an entrepreneurs background. 3. To discuss the importance of role models and support systems. 4. To identify the similarities and differences between male and female entrepreneurs. 5. To explain the differences between inventors and entrepreneurs.ENTREPRENEURIAL BACKGROUND AND CHARACTERISTICS Education Education appears important in the upbringing of the entrepreneur, in the level of education obtained and in playing a major role in coping with problems. Although formal education is not necessary for starting a new business, it does provide a good background. In education, female entrepreneurs previously experienced some disadvantage, with few having degrees in engineering, science, or math. The ability to deal with people and communicate clearly in indite and spoken work is also important. Personal Values Studies have failed to indicate that entrepreneurs can be differentiated on personal valued from managers, unsuccessful entrepreneurs, or the general public. Leadership, support, aggression, benevolence, conformity, creativity, veracity, and resource seeking may also be important.A successful entrepreneur is frequently characterized as a winner winning may be a prerequisite for his or her actually becoming one. Age Entrepreneurial age is the age of the entrepreneur reflected in the experience. Entrepreneurial experience is one of the best predictors of success. In chronological age, most entrepreneurs start their careers between ages 22 and 55. Earlier starts in an entrepreneurial career seem to be better than later ones. Generally, male entrepreneurs start their first venture in their early 30s, while women tend to do so in their middle 30s. Work History Dissatisfaction with ones job often motivates the launching of a new venture. Previous techni cal and industry experience is also important once the decision to start a business is made.Experience in the following areas is particularly important financing product or service development manufacturing development of distribution channels and preparation of a marketing plan. As the venture becomes established, managerial experience and skills become more important. Entrepreneurial experience becomes increasingly important as the complexity of the venture increases. need While motivations may vary, the reason cited most often for becoming an entrepreneur independence-not wants to work for anyone else. Other motivating factors differ between male and female entrepreneurs. funds is the second reason for mens starting a venture. Job satisfaction, achievement, opportunity, and money are the second order reasons for women. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 24 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VUKEY TERMS Motivations That causes people to do something Need for achievement An individual s need to be recognized Need for independence. Being ones own boss-one of the strongest needs of an entrepreneur Professional-support network Individuals who help the entrepreneur in business activities Role models Individuals influencing an entrepreneurs career choice and style Social status The level at which an individual in viewed by society Work history The past work experiences of an individual Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 25 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU THE INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR (continued) Lesson 10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To identify some key entrepreneurial feelings and motivations. 2.To identify key elements in an entrepreneurs background. 3. To discuss the importance of role models and support systems. 4. To identify the similarities and differences between male and female entrepreneurs. 5. To explain the differences between inventors and entrepreneurs. ROLE MODELS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS One of the most important factors influencing entrepreneurs in their career choice is role models. Role models can be parents, relatives, or successful entrepreneurs in the community. Role models can also serve in a supportive capacity as mentors during and after the new venture is launched. This support system is most crucial during the start-up phase.It is important that an entrepreneur establish connections to support resources early in the venture formation process. As contacts expand they form a network with density (extensiveness of ties between two individuals) and centrality (the total distance of the entrepreneur to all other individuals. ) The strength of ties between the entrepreneur and any individual is dependent on the frequency, level, and reciprocity of the relationship. An informal network for moral and professional support benefits the entrepreneur. Moral-Support Network It is important for the entrepreneur to establish a moral support network of family and friends. Most entrepreneurs indicate that their spouses are their biggest supporter s.Friends can provide advice that is more honest than that received from others, plus encouragement, understanding, and assistance. Relatives can also be sources of moral support, particularly if they are also entrepreneurs. Professional-Support Network The entrepreneur also needs advice and counsel, which can be obtained from members of a professional support network. A mentor-protege relationship is an excellent way to secure the needed professional advice. The mentor is a coach, sounding board, and advocate. The individual selected needs to be an expert in the field. An entrepreneur can initiate the mentor-finding process by identifying and contacting a number of experts.The mentor should be periodically apprised of the progress of the business so that a relationship can gradually develop. Another source of advice is a network of business associates. Self-employed individuals who have experience in starting a business are good sources. Clients and buyers are also important as the y provide word-of-mouth advertising. Suppliers are good components of the professional-support network-they help to establish credibility with creditors and customers, and provide good information on trends in the industry. Trade associations are good network additions, as they keep up with new developments and can provide overall industry data. Affiliations ith individuals developed in hobbies, sporting events, civic involvements and school alumni groups are excellent sources of referrals, advice, and information. Each entrepreneur needs to establish both a moral- and a professional-support network to share problems with and gain overall support. MALE VERSUS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS Women are now starting new ventures at three times the rate of men. Women form over 70 Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 26 EntrepreneurshipMGT602 VU percent of all new businesses. Women now own over 8. 5 million small businesses, an increase of over 45 percent since 1990. In some respects female en trepreneurs possess very different motivations, business skills, and occupational backgrounds.Factors in the start-up process for male and female entrepreneurs are different, especially in such areas as support systems, sources of funds, and problems. Men are motivated by the drive to control their own destinies. Women tend to be more motivated by the need for achievement arising from job frustration. Departure points and reasons for starting the business are similar for both men and women. Both generally have a strong interest and experience in the area of their venture. For men, the transition to a new venture is easier when the venture is an outgrowth of a present job. Women often leave a previous occupation with a high level of frustration and enthusiasm for the new venture rather than experience.Start-Up Financing Males often have investors, bank loans, or personal loans in addition to personal funds as sources of startup capital. Women usually rely solely on personal assets or savings. Obtaining financing and lines of credit are major problems for women. Occupations Both groups tend to have experience in the field of their ventures. Men more often have experience in manufacturing, finance, or technical areas. Most women usually have administrative experience, often in service-related fields. Personality Both men and women tend to be energetic, goal-oriented, and independent. Men are often more confident and less flexible and tolerant than women. Backgrounds The backgrounds of male and female entrepreneurs tend to be similar.Women are little older when they embark on their careers. Men often have studied in technical- or business-related areas, while women tend to have liberal arts education. Many women busi

Student Debt in College

1 name Professor English date To Debt or Not to Debt wherefore College is Worth the Investment When some people think ab knocked out(p) college they generally have the same mind set. You argon taught from a young age that college is the just now when way to go but is that true? With recent tuition risings and the American dream appearing to vanish, college doesnt front to be worth its value anymore. Others remember that its college or you will be working at a fast food joint for the rest of your life. Most people in-between believe that cash is the determining factor but with the amount of options should people even worry about this?Even though college might seem like a reaching with tuition rising, college is something more people should take part in because there argon so many answers to get past the money and just make happy the full college experience. For most students applying for colleges is all they have thought about since starting kindergarten. For others its been a lifelong dread about how do they even fetch to try and 2 afford it essay writers online. With all the horror stories about finishing college with such enormous debts it can really turn student s away from college.Although the prices may have gone up the investment is still something to pursue. Even in this economy, college graduates are much break-dance off than high-school graduates. Yes, white-collar employees are losing their jobs. But the unemployment rate for people over twenty five years old who hold at least a bachelors grade is 4. 4 percent, compared with 9. 3 percent for the people that age who hold only a high-school diploma, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as put by robin Wilson in A Lifemagazine of savant Debt, Not likely.Students complain about the large debts they can conjure up during these college years you truly are better off with it. Its non just about the piece of paper its about the opportunities that it creates. For most people college can be the best time of their lives. You just got to be smart with what you have. Sara M. Harrington (A Lifetime of Student Debt, Not likely) wanted to be smart and looked ahead. She didnt want to borrow any money that she knew she couldnt pay back.Some students just want to not worry about any costs and just be done with college and get into the working world not thinking of any consequences. Although some might argue that you shouldnt think about the future just think about today, you really need to be logical when borrowing money. You shouldnt let money run your life but it usually does. Another thing to consider is that some of the students coming out with such enormous debts are because they go to private colleges. For some its too far out of reach and they choose 3 ommunity colleges and are most of the time they are better off. For me I chose the community college way because I knew my parents could not afford to help me if I went away. Without my parents I wouldnt be fit to go t o school, but I know even the payments for school now are hard enough. I could never imagine the burden of private or even state college tuition on my parents. Loans never go away so just be smart with your money and borrow less. When growing up teachers, parents, and counselers have always drilled college into your head but did they ever explain why?If asked it was to get a better job or to give your egotism a better furture than what they have. But maybe college isnt always about scholarship but its about finding your self. College is not only about learning how to earn a living, .. , but also about learing how to live how to be an informed and involved citizen, how to communicate effectively, how to understand other cultures and peoples, how to think and reflect (Ch 14 opening statement). Most people seem to overlook these simple things. College might have the large goal of getting that diploma but its about the experience.You are not only sitting in a classroom but you are fig uring out new ways to do the things you love. Not only can you make life long friends but you can learn different backgrounds, try new things, and take any class imaginable. College may seem like a lot of work in the big picture but you can make it fun and worth the experience. Overall College might seem like a lot of work, stress, and debt but it is something that you should enjoy. Not only for the sake of saying I went to college but for bettering 4 yourself. You can come out with so much more life skills just from competing this life step.Every ones ecperience is going to be different, but you are only bettering your self in the end. 5 Works Cited Birkenstein, Cathy, and Russel Durst. Chapter 14 Introduction Is Higher Education Worth the Price? They Say, I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. By Gerald Graff. 2nd ed. N. p. W. W. Norton &, 2012. 256-73. Print. Wilson, Robin. A Lifetime of Student Debt, Not Likey. They Say, I Say The Moves That Matter in Academic Writi ng. 2nd ed. N. p. W. W. Norton &, 2012. 256-73. Print

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Tutu became one of atomic number 16 Africas most out talk annotator of apartheid. His spiritual belief was based upon the biblical teachings of Christ. Tutu believed in the biblical teaching of Galatians 328, There is neither Jew, nor Greek, slave nor free, male more female, for you atomic number 18 all one in Christ Jesus (Gish 128). That particular biblical teaching taught of equality for all whites, blacks and colored muckle.Apartheid itself started off of as religion and that was the important reason why it was able to stand for so long was because of the Whites wrong interpretation of the word of honor, that stated that White people are superior to the Blacks but all the way it was not so in the eyes of God. Being a Christian to him meant objecting to racial discrimination and prejudice (http//countrystudies. us/south-africa/53. htm ). Tutu believed in what the Bible said as being true and correct I now realize that it the true that God treats everyone on the sam e basis (Act 1034).It was the religious teachings in Christianity that motivated him rather than political hunger. As a priest Tutu felt that it was his responsibility to do what it was that God wanted him to do and racial segregation was not part of Gods plan for South Africa. Tutu would often describe the Apartheid as evil and unchristian. He was influenced in his views by white clergymen, who were also opponent of apartheid. (http//teacherlink. ed. usu. edu/tlresources/units/byrnes-famous/desmond. htm).Tutu frequently told the government of South Africa that apartheid was not part of Gods plan and that it was doomed for failure (http//www. sahistory. org. za/people/archbishop-emeritus-mpilo-desmond-tutu). What also motivated him was the fact that he too was also discriminated against for being Black, he was deprived the right to do basic duties of a citizen of South Africa (couldnt vote, had to Carry a pass, etc) but he had the support of the Black and colored community which enc ouraged him to fight for equal civil rights for all, the abolition of South Africas passport laws, and a common education system (http//www. oreorless. au. com/heroes/tutu. html ), (http//teacherlink. ed. usu. edu/tlresources/units/byrnes-famous/desmond. htm ). While Tutu was in London, England he found a new world where in that respect was respect for all people of every single skin color. The experience in London was exhilarating for Tutus family, after the oppression low apartheid. Tutu was able to dabble in his love for cricket. He even has the opportunity to preach to a white congregation. Those few historic period spent in London fuel his urge to fight apartheid even more. http//www. sahistory. org. za/people/archbishop-emeritus-mpilo-desmond-tutu ). He wanted to make that change in South Africa. A few years after returning to South Africa Tutu was appointed the first black Archbishop of Cape Town in the Anglican Church. With such prestige power he was vigorously promoted intercommunicate truth to power. He encouraged the use of non violent resistance by the blacks and also the world wide community by applying economic sanctions against the government of South Africa.As result of this the government threw him in prison for a short time frame and cancelled his passport (http//www. tutu. org/timeline/1976-1983/ ). Inevitably, Tutu began to speak out against the injustices of the apartheid system. He supported an international boycott to pressure his country into a peaceful reform he was publically raising international sensory faculty of what was really happening in South Africa. He tried to urge foreign companies to disinvest in South Africa particularly the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom.This was an endeavor to pressurize the government to break down and it soon succeeded (http//www. thefamouspeople. com/profiles/desmond-tutu-75. php ) (http//www. tutu. org/timeline/1976-1983/ ) (Gish 90). Tutu tireless anti apartheid campaigning during the 1980 eventually won him the Nobel peace prize. The Nobel committee cited this role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem in South Africa.He was chosen by President Nelson Mandel to chair South Africas Truth and reconciliation commission, which was set up to investigate crimes that were committed during the apartheid regime. This committee acted as a healing body for all who was affected by the apartheid reign people has been bottled up for so long that when the chance came for them to tell their stories, the floodgates opened (http//www. tutu. org/peace-centre/), (http//www. justice. gov. za/trc/ ). Tutu used his faith in God, prayer, speeches, words, and non- violence to stand up for the rights of people in South Africa to fight apartheid.

Concept-mapping software Essay

Indeed, should it be of necessity or required for students to evaluate, collate and compute data in all work prescription in class, important machinery to achieve this must be recommended as part of the needed gadget. (Zardoya, 2001). Business researchers argon convertiblely concerned with the question of whether or non the introduction of information technology leads to increased output, excellent evaluation in reasoning and advantageous edge of counterparts (Al-Gahtani, 2003).ICT this is an acronyms for study and Communication and technology, constituting system hardware and software that intensify data resource for use in many applications. Internet inclusive with provision of world good web. (Clark et al. , 2005). That is, we need to shift focus from robotic use of technology. The quest should rather be innovative ways of information technology to massively enhance the gains and ease of studies at all levels(p. 4). Overall, CACSR makes provision for students through with (predicate) interaction with the surroundings.This possibly ensure a sustained focus at the same time educating students on skills as they postulate expository text passages (Kim et al. ,). Studies have shown that educational technology that includes dictionary components has been used successfully to promote literacy skill development among elementary give instruction students (Fry & Gosky, 2007). In analyzing the study, a researcher suggested that writers with back up soft copy in CD-ROM provides more strategy towards enhancing the problem of elaboration from close by tutor. The soft copy leaves the students independent of the nurtureer to a greater extent than none (Fry & Gosky).QuickSmart is a calculator-assisted program blueprinted to improve the self-improving ability of students who are fountain with challenges of grabbing problem most expecially in their mid-year at school (Graham & Bellert, et al. , 2007,). Based on an information analyzing demo of intuitive processi ngs, QuickSmart was intended to be a elaborated dealings with attention on the primary learning skills needed to do well in assimilating classroom instruction. (Graham & Bellert, et al). It is a Concept-mapping software, or webbing, in that students are permitted to descriptor up strategic maps with the aid of specific programs (Marchinko, 2004,).Concept-mapping software has been used in halfway school science classes for example, to help students juxtapose the similarities and differences in plant and puppet cells, and in writing class to help students brainstorm. Teachers also use concept-mapping software to give a clue or insight in the direction of the lesson (Marchinko,). The KidTools computer programs as also an electronic performer. It is an aiding technique that focus on behavior and academic performance support software for students with studying default (Miller & Fitzgerald, 2007, p.13). A cognitive-behavioral pass program, KidTools is one of several programs with inc reased engagement recorded within the last two decades owing to their efficacy subject areas over time (Miller & Fitzgerald. RockSim is a rocket design program for middle school science class, which takes students along the path of technology that enhance the design of their own rockets and simulation performance (Wilson, 2005,). Finally, BodyFun on its own is a computer game that perfectly educate on nutrition and other health awareness (Geiger, et al. , 2002,).In a test of BodyFun among the middle class of school age, the resource and the technical requirements of the schemes is high, in addition to its acceptability among the study environment, it gives a good result (Geiger & Petri, et al. ,). Education is feeling pressure to respond to a authority to improve the engagement-level of classrooms, due to surveys which repeatedly find middle school students especially characterize traditional classes as cold (Taylor & Duran, 2006, p. 11). Overall, most classrooms continue to impl ement instructional practices.The practice has the main essence of textbooks studying and facts cramming with subsequent commitment to memory (Taylor & Duran,). As a result, many researchers have called for a move from the usual instruct to a constructive approach in methods (Taylor & Duran, p. 11). In most classes, this entails increasing the students abilities of inquiry, and this can be enhanced through implementation with the most suiting instruments (Taylor & Duran, p . 11). One teacher reports that her middle school students have become mastery of executing video projects and slide shows, this demonstrate they have learnt (Crawford, 2005, p. 2).InFocus projectors produced a difference that was similar to that of darkness and light with improved class presentation and involvement (Crawford, p. 1). Studies have shown that students who use computers to write reports recorded a higher performance compared to those who do not attempt the use of computer (Taylor & Duran, 2006, p. 1 0). One study found that teachers who made regular use of PowerPoint presentations felt more confident in their ability to teach and assist students competence in using multimedia projection and even other similar method of sophisticated learning (Taylor & Duran, p. 13).Video streaming is other technology being used in round classrooms (Whitaker, 2003), while some K-12 classrooms are even experimenting with robotics activities to enhance student the convergence of literacy instruction (for example) with Internet technologies is essentially reshaping the nature of literacy instruction as teachers seek to prepare children for the futures they deserve engagement in lessons (Williams & Ma, et al. , 2007, p.201), although most reports on the usefulness of robotics is anecdotal in nature and demonstrate is still required to demonstrate the effectiveness of using robotics in achieving study aims (Williams et al. , p. 201). Now, many believe that (Witte, 2007, p. 93). A threaded discus sion group is a series of rotations on a subject (Grisham & Wolsey, p. 651). The study found that through threaded discussion, student engagement was increased. This was because an environment found more friendly were self created and fits appropriately with other peers.Therefore each of them have equal dominion of the conversation (Grisham & Wolsey, p. 649). Though acknowledging that one of the serious drawbacks to the Web is that students often become lost essay to navigate through data smog (Trotter, 2004, p. 1). The MyAccess program is an internet oriented writing scheme that expressly rewards write-up and supplies correct instruction for students at a middle school in Georgia (Ullman, 2006, p. 76).The program was found to not only relieve teachers much of their paper correcting burden, provided also to have permitted immediate report even in more detail that scores it a preferred quality of writing (Ullman, p. 76). Another project reported in the literature was the present ation of a website which supported students and average school teachers drawing out a convergence between science and literature within the limited surroundings (Howes & Hamilton, 2003, p. 454). WebQuest is some other powerful instrument for teachers to use in improving the engagement level of students in their class (Lipscomb, 2003, p.154). Though relatively new, stakeholders in education are laudatory its value and facilitate more use (Lipscomb, 2003, p. 153). The important pedagogical purpose of a WebQuest is that it provides tangible experience for students, both with the technology and in the subject guinea pig being explored (Lipscomb, p. 154). More recently, other schools are experimenting with the use of blogs, or web logs, to enhance learning. Witte (2007) pushed for establishment of blog discussion method on the present inter-school entanglement in nine to further engage students in learning (p.95). Witte (2007) decided that blogs were an important go-between among cla ss and students when he found out that, while some students indicated some interest in the period of writing and homework, they were reported, by their parents, to be on the computer writing essays and poems for hours each night (Witte, p. 92). A theory was devised as to why diffusion was so slow, with explanations centering on methods used by farmers in generating information on discoveries, and how they direct this in helping their appropriate usage (Rogers, p. 14).Diffusion theory can help educators understand why technology is and is not adopted in classrooms (Surry, 1997). Other researchers have adopted the diffusion position to counteract the increasing consciousness about how discovered instructive materials have been rendered fallow (Minishi-Majanja & Kiplangat, p. 4). Indeed, Al-Gahtanis (2003) literature review revealed 75 articles in which perceived attributes were measured, with the overall result being that agreement and comparative merit attained highest ratings when they were instituted.Complexity was on the other hand negative on its procedural acceptance (p. 59). age determinists can be either utopian or dystopian (Marx, McCluhan and Toffler versus Ellul, Orwell or Luddites), all determinists see technology as an independent force out of merciful control. The equally view technology as the sole engine of social change (Surry, 1997, p. 6). In education, developer-based theory results in top-down technology-based reform initiatives such as Goals 2000, which target the diversity of educational change through proposition of a new system with improved hybrid (Surry, p.7). Overall, the instructional development process is of the precondition that technological improved hybrid will suffice the only condition necessary to attract participation of innovative practices. (Surry, p. 7). Adopter-based theoreticians such as Ernest Burkman are attached to point out situations where a technologically superior innovation was rejected by users because of the strength of human, interpersonal and social factors. These factors play an importance role in adopting proposed technological superiority (Surry, p. 11).Another by-product of adopter-based theory is the study of revenge effects, which occur when new establishments, movements and organisms react with real in a factual but unforeseen situation (Surry, p. 11). Indeed, prediction and accounting for likely results to be caused by an innovation is an integral component of many adopter-based diffusion theories (Surry, p. 11). Large scale mart forces such as sector growth, volatility and concentration of markets have also been of use in acceptance of technology (Park et al. , p. 1480). Subjective norm is another strengthened construction developed along this line of research.Subjective norm is defined as an individuals believe that perhaps exist in tell to other people. Subjective norm has been shown to strongly influence adoption of technology, especially if use is mandatory and not voluntary (Park & OBrien, et al. , p. 1480). All of this feeds into instruction through the lens of constructivism, or the belief that learning happens in a deliberate effort to construct a public entity, be it the simplest of task where resources are in abundance or a more complex assignment (Williams & Ma, et al. , 2007).In this context, technology is used in education to create a system whereby that enhance study by making and study by design (Williams & Ma, et al. ,). Various programs along these lines include efforts to have children design computer games, and promote studying with programmable bricks (Williams et al). Thus, from the constructivist point of view, the availability of computer systems in learning rooms does not attach huge significance as presently being in used (Sheumaker & Slate,). integrating of computers is deemed successful only when students learn with the computer system and not the reverse (Sheumaker & Slate, et al. , p. 3) Finally, reinforcing this model is the ecological model of technology integration in education. According to this model, technologies are only acting in a social settings, incorporated within the events of learning processes (Kupperman & Fishman, 2002,). Through the use of new tools we develop new literacies, and from use or non-use are discovered as being full, subsidiary or un-involving class members (Kupperman & Fishman,).Mention of the word actor enlists actor-network theory into these models as well. According to this model, the social land is materially diverse and consists of a interconnected chains of animate and inanimate participants who only interact and negotiate for rules imposition through series of deliberations and alliances (Samarawickrema & Stacey, 2007). In order to have their way, these various actors may use bargaining, lobbying, subtle computation and at the extreme, violence (Samarawickrema & Stacey,).